Battle of Trenton in the American Revolution

Clash of Trenton in the American Revolution The Battle of Trenton was battled December 26, 1776, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). General George Washington directed 2,400 men against an army of around 1,500 Hessian soldiers of fortune under the order of Colonel Johann Rall. Foundation Having been vanquished in the fights for New York City, General George Washington and the leftovers of the Continental Army withdrew across New Jersey in the pre-winter of 1776. Overwhelmingly sought after by the British powers under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, the American administrator looked to pick up the insurance managed by the Delaware River. As they withdrew, Washington confronted an emergency as his battered armed force started to break down through abandonments and terminating selections. Intersection the Delaware River into Pennsylvania toward the beginning of December, he made camp and endeavored to revitalize his contracting order. Seriously decreased, the Continental Army was ineffectively provided and sick prepared for winter, with huge numbers of the men still in summer garbs or lacking shoes. In a fortunate turn of events for Washington, General Sir William Howe, the general British authority, requested a stop to the interest on December 14 and guided his military to enter winter quarters. In doing as such, they set up a progression of stations across northern New Jersey. Uniting his powers in Pennsylvania, Washington was strengthened by around 2,700 men on December 20 when two sections, drove by Major Generals John Sullivan and Horatio Gates, showed up. Washingtons Plan With the resolve of the military and open ebbing, Washington accepted that a daring demonstration was required to reestablish certainty and help support enrollments. Meeting with his officials, he proposed an unexpected assault on the Hessian army at Trenton for December 26. This choice was educated by an abundance of insight gave by spy John Honeyman, who had been acting like a Loyalist in Trenton. For the activity, he expected to cross the waterway with 2,400 men and walk south against the town. This principle body was to be bolstered by Brigadier General James Ewing and 700 Pennsylvania state army, which were to cross at Trenton and hold onto the extension over Assunpink Creek to forestall foe troops from getting away. Notwithstanding the negative marks against Trenton, Brigadier General John Cadwalader and 1,900 men were to make a diversionary assault on Bordentown, NJ. On the off chance that the general activity demonstrated a triumph, Washington would have liked to make comparative assaults against Princeton and New Brunswick. At Trenton, the Hessian battalion of 1,500 men was directed by Colonel Johann Rall. Having shown up at the town on December 14, Rall had dismissed his officials exhortation to construct fortresses. Rather, he accepted that his three regiments would have the option to crush any assault in open battle. In spite of the fact that he freely excused knowledge reports that the Americans were arranging an assault, Rall requested fortifications and asked that an army be built up at Maidenhead (Lawrenceville) to secure the ways to deal with Trenton. Intersection the Delaware Battling precipitation, hail, and day off, armed force arrived at the stream at McKonkeys Ferry on the night of December 25. Delayed, they were carried across by Colonel John Glovers Marblehead regiment utilizing Durham vessels for the men and bigger canal boats for the ponies and ordnance. Intersection with Brigadier General Adam Stephens detachment, Washington was among the first to arrive at the New Jersey shore. Here an edge was built up around the bridgehead to secure the arrival site. Having finished the intersection around 3 a.m., they started their walk south toward Trenton. Obscure to Washington, Ewing couldn't make the intersection because of the climate and overwhelming ice onâ the waterway. Likewise, Cadwalader had prevailing with regards to moving his men over the water yet came back to Pennsylvania when he couldn't move his gunnery. A Swift Victory Conveying advance gatherings, the military moved south together until arriving at Birmingham. Here Major General Nathanael Greenes division diverted inland to assault Trenton from the north while Sullivans division moved along the waterway street to strike from the west and south. The two sections moved toward the edges of Trenton in the blink of an eye before 8 a.m.â on December 26. Driving in the Hessian pickets, Greenes men opened the assault and drew foe troops north from the waterway street. While Greenes men obstructed the break courses to Princeton, Colonel Henry Knoxs big guns conveyed at the heads of King and Queen Streets. As the battling proceeded, Greenes division started to drive the Hessians into the town. Exploiting the open stream street, Sullivans men entered Trenton from the west and south and closed the scaffold over Assunpink Creek. As the Americans assaulted, Rall endeavored to mobilize his regiments. This saw the Rall and Lossberg regiments structure on lower King Street while the Knyphausen regiment involved Lower Queen Street. Sending his regiment up King, Rall guided the Lossberg Regiment to progress up Queen toward the foe. On King Street, the Hessian assault was crushed by Knoxs weapons and overwhelming discharge from Brigadier General Hugh Mercers unit. An endeavor to bring two three-pounder gun without hesitation immediately observed a large portion of the Hessian firearm teams murdered or injured and the weapons caught by Washingtons men. A comparative destiny came to pass for the Lossberg regiment during its ambush up Queen Street. Falling back to a field outside of town with the leftovers of the Rall and Lossberg regiments, Rall started a counterattack against the American lines. Enduring overwhelming misfortunes, the Hessians were vanquished and their administrator fell mortally injured. Driving the adversary once more into a close by plantation, Washington encompassed the survivors and constrained their acquiescence. The third Hessian development, the Knyphausen regiment, endeavored to escape over the Assunpink Creek connect. Thinking that its hindered by the Americans, they were immediately encircled by Sullivans men. Following a bombed breakout endeavor, they gave up soon after their countrymen. In spite of the fact that Washington wished to promptly catch up the triumph with an assault on Princeton, he chose to pull back over the waterway subsequent to discovering that Cadwalader and Ewing had neglected to make the intersection. Fallout In the activity against Trenton, Washingtons misfortunes wereâ four men executed and eight injured, while the Hessians endured 22 murdered and 918 caught. Around 500 of Ralls order had the option to circumvent during the battling. In spite of the fact that a minor commitment comparative with the size of the powers in question, the triumph at Trenton massively affected the pilgrim war exertion. Imparting another trust in the military and the Continental Congress, the triumph at Trenton supported open spirit and expanded enrollments. Staggered by the American triumph, Howe requested Cornwallis to progress on Washington with around 8,000 men. Re-crossing the waterway on December 30, Washington joined his order and arranged to confront the propelling foe. The subsequent crusade saw the militaries get down to business at Assunpink Creek before coming full circle with an American triumph at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. Flush with triumph, Washington wished to keep assaulting up the chain of British stations in New Jersey. In the wake of evaluating his drained armys condition, Washington rather chose to move north and enter winter quarters at Morristown.

Exploring Methods Of Coast Protection Environmental Sciences Essay

A specification for an effective shoreline Restoration undertaking is that all the gatherings included have some worry of the beach front morphological methods. They are so in a spot to comprehend why the current situation has created and why certain arrangements will work and others will non. The adherents ought to be considered regarding shoreline insurance and heading endeavors: Consider the to be nation as a powerful characteristic scene. Make solitary interventions in the waterfront techniques and in the beach front scene if the contributions of the general public are a greater amount of import than proceeding with the regular seaside asset. Name specific regions of the beach for normal turn of events. Obliterate inexpedient old insurance systems and restore the characteristic beach front scene where conceivable. Limit the utilization of waterfront insurance techniques, give high priority to the nature of the beach asset, and focus on shore assurance. Proceed with the normal variance in the waterfront scenes. Limit new turn of events/lodging near the coastline in the loosened uninhabited beach front scene. Permit just such establishments, which expect dish to the ocean. Keep up and better the open course to and along the sea shore, legally every piece great as in design. Decrease contamination and upgrade feasible utilization of beach front Waterss. This prompts the reasonable rules for shore assurance regarding beach insurance, shore security and shore Restoration endeavors. They are referenced in the accompanying section. Work with nature, for case by restoring a destitute beach front profile by nutriment and by utilizing site-explicit qualities, for example, meat uping semi-hard headlands. Pick an answer which fits the sort of coastline and which satisfies whatever number of the finishes set by the partners and the administrations as could reasonably be expected. It is fairly every now and again difficult to help through all closures, as they are much of the time clashing and in view of spending limitations. It ought to be clarified to all gatherings, which finishes are satisfied and which are non. The guide must do it entirely clear what the customer can foresee from the chose arrangement ; this is especially of import if the endeavor has been acclimated to suit the accessible financess. Propose a help dispersion, which mirrors the satisfaction of the various finishes, set by the gatherings in question. Control the rate and angle of the littoral driving force rate and slope by utilization of a negligible figure of developments. Protect regions of untasted powerful scene where conceivable. Let security steps only if important structures/framework are undermined. This strategy will proceed with the normal beach front assets and the neighboring developments will have stuff as an outcome of dissolving in the unprotected nation. Secure change to and along the sea shore. Improve the tasteful visual perspective, for example by downplaying the figure of developments. Few and bigger developments is typically superior to a cluster of little developments. Ideally permit simply endeavors which manage a full course unit/silt cell and which have most extreme shore insurance. Singular endeavors will in general focus on coastline assurance. Limit care requests to some extent, which the owner ( s ) of the procedure can pull off. An independent sustenance arrangement may from the outset glimpse seem perfect, yet it will normally non be perfect for the landholders, as energize will be required at short interims. Secure great nearby H2O quality and downplay the risk of pin bringing down residue and kelp. Secure wellbeing for swimmers by maintaining a strategic distance from developments bring forthing hazardous rake flows. Stay away from secured sea shores as these give a bogus sentiment of wellbeing for hapless swimmers. Ensured sea shores at presented locales will in general suffer from sand pin bringing down in the shielded nation. On the off chance that the H2O is unnecessarily unsmooth for swimming, a pool, perchance in the signifier of a tidal pool, is a decent arrangement. Give great sea shore quality by obtaining that the sea shores are presented to moving edges, as the moving edges keep up the alluring sandy sea shores. This will of class limit the clasp when swimming is conceivable, yet doing ensured sea shores often implies wellbeing dangers, hapless sea shore quality and hapless H2O quality. Be practical and matter-of-actuality, keeping up in head that the common untasted coastline is ideal world in amazingly created nations. Make minimal appealing areas at in any case firmly ensured extends if this is the solitary practical possibility.Overview of Types of Coast Protection, Shore Protection and Sea DefenceProtection of the coastline and the shore against the erosive powers of moving edges, flows and slope surge can be acted from numerous points of view, and insurance of the beach and the boondocks against deluging adds much more sorts to the assurance barrier system steps. The pick of the progression in a given situation relies upon the three essential conditions: The activity ( coast disintegrating, sea shore degradation or implosion treatment ) The morphological conditions ( the kind of beach front profile and the sort of coastline ) The land utilization ( framework/home, preoccupation, agribusiness and so forth ) A portion of the means have primarily one guide, which for example is the occurrence for a revetment. It ensures the coastline against dissolving, yet exasperates shore disintegrating. Sea shore sustenance, on the different manus, secures against coastline dissolving each piece great as against shore debasement.Management of the seashoreDune stabilizationFrom Coastal WikiJump to: pilotage, chase Hills are a characteristic beach front trademark on sensibly uncovered and uncovered coastlines. Ridges are shaped by the sand, which blows inland from the sea shore and is kept in the nation behind the coastline.BackgroundDuring storm surge occasions, the pes of the rises can be disintegrated yet the hills go about as an extremely adaptable cradle zone, which shields the woodlands from dissolving and implosion treatment. The scoured stuff supplies stuff to the littoral spending plan downplaying the general dissolving along the full region of shoreline. During the tempest what's more during progressively typical occasions, sand will be shipped inland, here and there regarding the development of air current back lanes in the rise push. After the tempest, the harmed ridge will a little bit at a time be developed again, perhaps to some degree all the more inland. This implies a ridge Acts of the Apostless as a characteristic adaptable beach assurance and ocean protection system steps. I t moves in reverse corresponding with the chewing coastline and at a similar clasp it keeps up its signifier and volume each piece great as an expansive sea shore. This is a characteristic semi balance situation. The disintegrating of hills as a result of an awful tempest surge is other than alluded to as rise dissolving. Nonetheless, the normal equalization will switch if the hill verdure is harmed by croping or if sea shore clients, and so forth deliver too much traffic, and so on. This may do the rises to corrupt following in loss of the insurance gave by the regular hills. At a similar clasp the sand blowing inland causes arranged sorts of damage. Thus, governments typically will in general secure hills by adjusting their use. In certain occasions governments have been extremely anxious to secure the rises by seting marram grass and puting fascines noticeable all around current back road to nail down the sand. ( Fascines are the putting of pine or titivate developments ) . This has, in certain occasions, brought about a total fix of the rise place and an unnatural developing in height. Thus, the flexibleness of the characteristic hill is lost following in a steady vanishing of the ridge because of dissolving, whereby the assurance, gave by the normal rise framework, is lost.MethodFig. 1. Marram planting and the putting of tidy fascines in air current back lanes ( Danish Coastal Authority [ 1 ] ) . Planting marram grass and puting up tidy fascines for caparison of sand and improving of hill develop. Bigger breeze back roads can other than be filled unnaturally front to seting. In any case, as referenced over, the insurance ought to non be complete to the point that it entirely fixes the rises. Recently planted vegetation in unconventional can be fortified by using compost. Limitations for their utilization can other than ensure the ridges. Croping in hill nations is precluded in many states, and governments every now and again limit open course. Such confinements may regulate the traffic in the hills, for example by forbiding engine traffic. Various alternatives are cleared stroll to changes in nations close to stopping tonss and fencing sensitive newly planted countries.Functional featureDune adjustment is a supportable assurance step, uplifting the characteristic insurance capacity of hill nations. It ensures against moving edge and tempest surge attack and at a similar clasp it saves the normal beach front scene, whenever performed sensibly. Hill adjustment requires an arranged and facilitated attempt.ApplicabilityDune adjustment is appropriate on every single beach front sort where characteristic rises happen. This is especially the occasion on sensibly presented to uncovered coastlines with opposite to extremely sideways moving edge ( air current ) attacks, types 1M to4M and 1E to 4E. Fake hills are other than utilized as an ocean guard component construction.Cliff stabilizationFrom Coastal WikiJump to: pilotage, chase Seaside drops can be flimsy because of the consolidated outcome of a few elements, talked about in this article alongside techniques to support them.BackgroundCoastal drops can be insecure because of the joined result of a few components, for example, Disintegration of the pes of the drop brought about by wave activity and tempest surge Skiding or enduring of the grade due to geo-specialized shakiness. The disintegrating of the pes of the drop for the most part starts geotechnical unsteadiness, yet the sliding/breakdown can be of various nature relying upon the geo-specialized conditio

Chocolate Tasting

Chocolate Tasting In honor of some holiday, MITs Laboratory for Chocolate Science hosted chocolate tasting last night. I went to a similar event in IAP 2004, but this one was much more organized. We had four flights of dark chocolate, and cleansed our pallets with bread and water. (Chocolate, bread, and water = the 3 food groups?) They encouraged us to rub and smell the chocolate, but I skipped that step. I did follow orders when it came to tasting, though; youre supposed to let the chocolate piece melt on your tongue instead of chewing it. We started out with a piece of Dove dark chocolate, which apparently is less than 55% cocoa wimpy! We stayed mostly in the range of 60-75% cocoa, and had two insanely concentrated (85% and 99%) pieces. Organization is key. Like the characters in Sideways, we worked hard to find unusual flavors in the chocolate pieces. I found seafood in one piece that Sam thought tasted like olives. Unfortunately, my taste buds arent sophisticated enough to tell what kind of wood the chocolate was aged in, but maybe by next year From an LCS email: Every year, the Laboratory for Chocolate Science makes truffles to sell for Valentines Day. Naturally, this year is no different! Please stop by our booth in the Student Center, Valentines day from 10am-7pm in the Student Center. There are nine different varieties of truffles in white, milk, and dark chocolate. The truffles are three dollars for two; come pick up a pair for your friends, your sweetheart, or even yourself! P.S. Does anyone watch Greys Anatomy? If so, do you think Meredith should wait around for McDreamy or move on with her life? And wasnt the bomb squad guy totally perfect for her until he got blown up?

Chuks - 1022 Words

INTRODUCTION The Catechism of the Catholic Church emphasized the issue of seven capital sins knowing fully well that it is a cankerworm to spirituality. Thus, Bishop Fulton Sheen calls them the seven pall-bearers of the soul and gives them the following names: self-love, inordinate love of money, illicit sex, hate, jealousy, over-indulgence and laziness.(FULTON SHEEN, The Seven Capital Sins) Thomas Aquinas called them â€Å"vainglories† in his Summa Theologica (1-11, 84:4) Pride is a spiritual cancer that eats and consumes the vital life. Covetousness is like spiritual consumption or tuberculosis, wasting away the souls inner powers. Lust is a spiritual leprosy. Anger is a delirious fever. Envy is spiritual blood-poisoning. Gluttony†¦show more content†¦The evil of lust is reducible to this: that sexual satisfaction is sought for either outside marriage or, at any rate, in a manner which is contrary to the laws that govern marital intercourse. Indulging in lust is a mortal sin, provided of course, it is done in a way that is voluntary in itself and fully deliberate. This is the testimony of St. Paul in the letter to the Galatians, 5:19: â€Å"Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are fornication, uncleanness, immodesty, luxury†¦ Of the which I foretell you, as I have foretold to you, that they who do such things shall not obtain the kingdom of God.† GLUTTONY: Overindulgence in food or drink. Gluttony is one of the seven capital sins (1866). The moral deformity discernible in this vice lies in its defiance of the order postulated by reason, which prescribes necessity as the measure of indulgence in eating and drinking. A glutton wants things according to the apt rendering of Father Joseph Rickably: too soon, too expensively, too much, too eagerly, too daintily. Someone habitually gluttonous is so wedded to the pleasures of the table as to live merely to eat and drink, so minded as to be of the number of those, described by the Apostle St. Paul, â€Å"whose god is their belly† (Phil 3:19). SLOTH: A culpable lack of physical or spiritual effort; acedia or laziness. This is the notion commonly obtaining, and in this sense sloth is not a specificShow MoreRelatedAdvanced Nursing Practice Essays1338 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome competent in managing the complex health issues of patients and thus are in a front-line position to improve patient quality of care (Chuk, 1997). Nurse clinicians possess expert nursing skills which results in an acceleration of the nursing process. This allows them to focus on the root of the problem without wasting time on fruitless assessment (Chuk, 1997). As a result of their education and experiences, clinicians intervene more for meeting patient’s needs than do basic practitioners. Read MoreConservative Helix Loop Helix : A Protein Kinase956 Words   |  4 PagesConservative helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a protein kinase has many cellular targets and also plays a role in NF-kappa B transcription. NF-kappa B is a key mediator in immunity. The CHUK SNP rs11591741 was also associated with response to etanercept (Murdaca 2014). The Fc receptor is a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. This receptor is found on the surface of mainly immune cells. They have a protective function and bind to antibodies attached to infected cells or invadingRead MoreThe Earnings Per Share ( Eps ) Benchmark Essay921 Words   |  4 Pageseasier to be detected by outsiders. Lundholm (1999) claims that if firms know their opportunistic estimates will be detected, they will be less motivated to make inaccurate estimates and accruals. In the setting of defined benefit pension accounting, Chuk (2013) finds out that accounting standards that mandate additional financial statement disclosure constraints firms’ overestimates of the expected rate of return of pension assets. Richardson (2000) argues that there are at least two factors limitingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Cast Away1364 Words   |  6 Pagessports team on the television. It’s a form of expressing yourself. Wilson turns out to be his good side of conscious as well, or during his intrapersonal conversations, he is normally the one to talk Chuck out of negativity. At one point in to movie, Chuk relieves that he was going to commit suicide because of some of his intrapersonal conversations. â€Å"Wilson† advised him to test it first. Negative intrapersonal communication is a just as powerful as positive, in Intro to Communication Theory book, itRead MoreStride Towards Freedom1358 Words   |  6 PagesTOPIC: A STRIDE TOWARD FREEDOM: THE MONTGOMERY STORY BY: DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DISCUSSION LEADERS: LAVON CLARK III CHUK CHUKUDEBELU A brief summary about A Stride Toward Freedom: It gives a timeline of events ranging from Dr. King’s arrival to Montgomery, a journey that covers the bus boycotts through December 1, 1955 – December 21, 1956 of the South and then concludes with asking the important question located in the last chapter, â€Å"Where Do We Go From Here?† It focuses on MLK’s perspectiveRead MoreFactors Affecting Prevalence And Treatment Outcomes Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1005 Words   |  5 Pagesmechanisms in the community to prevent diabetes (Mukeshimana et al., 2013). Research Methodology As diabetes is mostly treated at the district level, I intend to do focus on 2 district hospitals in each province and the main referral hospitals at CHUK and CHUB. Using admission logs, patients will be identified. I will develop a chart extraction model to get basic demographics, disease specific information, follow-up information and documented complications. Semi-structured questionnaires will alsoRead MoreBeing an ethnic Chinese made me feel interested in the Chinese current situation. According to my1500 Words   |  6 Pagesresources, thus can grow better. This also affects the economy. â€Å"According to the study, the One Child Policy did contribute to Chinas economic growth from the time it started all the way until 1998, the end of the study period,† says Prof. Zhang from the CHUK Business School. A research, spanning two decades from 1978 to 1998 and covering 28 Chinese provinces, found that the lower the birth rate, the faster the economic growth. The annual growth rate of the real per capital income during this period wasRead MoreHk-Disney Syndication by Chase3889 Words   |  16 PagesChase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan Group 15 XIA Yidan, ZHANG Kuo, ZHU Shihuai, WANG Qian 2012 acer CHUK 2012/9/24 Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan Group 15 XIA Yidan, ZHANG Kuo, ZHU Shihuai, WANG Qian 2012 acer CHUK 2012/9/24 How should Chase have bid in the first round competition to lead the HK$3.3 billion Disneyland financing (Bid to win or bid to lose?) In the first round of competition, there areRead MoreRisk Assessment and Risk Management2989 Words   |  12 Pageselectrical hazard. The drill itself spins automatically when the electrical mains are on and can be manually removed and replaced. The drill piece could be accidently launched at a dangerous speed across the workshop if not placed correctly in the chuk, which could be very harmful. The drill piece could impale someone whilst rotating at a very fast rate, this can cause disfigurement. Another big concern and the common accident, is when metallic debris from the work piece gets stuck in the drill andRead MoreAn analysis of Ocean Park Essay examples2799 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Hong Kong Ocean Park is considered as a one of world’s largest marine park, located on the south end of Hong Kong Island. The three sections are located on the headlands of Brick Hill, while the other two section is located in the Wong Chuk Hang Valley lowlands and Tai Shue Wan. It is considered as one of the largest ocean in the world, having an area of 870,000 square metres (2013). This paper will focus on analyze the external environment such as the economic and culture aspect that

Theories Of Human Development - 1401 Words

Human development is an active process resulting from interactions between an individual and their environment. The processes involved in an individual’s development and overall life outcomes are complex, everchanging, and unique. Given the complexity of human development, the central tenets of my professional conceptual foundation of development include biological factors inherent in the individual, psychological influences, and social interactions. Thus, my professional perspective can best be explained by a synthesis of theoretical foundations based on biological contributors to human development and behavior, Sameroff’s transactional ecological model, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Bowlby’s theory of early relationships, and†¦show more content†¦Additionally, studies show that imbalances in neurohormones relate to psychiatric disorders, learning disabilities, and aggressive behaviors (Ecker et al., 2015; Fairchild et al., 2012; Gied d et l., 2014), all of which will relate to the life experiences an individual with any of these ailments has. While my professional perspective of development considers biological influences, how these factors interact with environmental contributors can determine the negative or positive impacts on an individual’s developmental progress and life outcomes. The transactional ecological model (Sameroff, 2010) emphasizes the complexity of child development and the vast number of environmental factors that influence life outcomes. Commonly, a multitude of factors contributes to behavioral, emotional, or developmental disturbances in children rather than a single force. This model places equal emphasis on the child and the environment, and how these elements interact with each other, not independently. The model recognizes the impact of social class, gender, education, socialization, family beliefs and values, the psychological well-being of caregivers, parent/caregiver practices, family dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and how these factors interact with each other to shape an individual. Overall, this theory explains that human development and life outcomes emerge from a combination of individual differences and life experiences. Bowlby’s theory of earlyShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 PagesHuman development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’sRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Human Development1337 Words   |  6 Pages10/11/17 Principles of Human Development Paper #1 The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that wouldRead MoreThe Theories Of Human Development774 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Human development are relevant and matter in the â€Å"real world†. In my clinical practice as a psychologist-in-training, I have found human development theories to be very useful in conceptualizing and understanding my client’s distress. I used theoretical frameworks that are based on theories of human development to guide my interventions in therapy. For example, as a brief psychodynamic clinician, I look to Freud’s theory of anxiety to und erstand how distress was developed for my clientsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1060 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is â€Å"the approach stating that behavior is motivatedRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation 2009 define biopsychosocial as â€Å"the systematic integration of the biological, psychological and social approaches of the study of mental health and specific mental disorders (p.48).† The human lifespan is primary base of the human grow process that start with the reproduction , the process of the human body, the brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. AdditionallyRead MoreThe Theory Of The Human Development993 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1: Of the four major psychological theories (ecological, behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic), which one(s) is/are most closely aligned with your personal belief system? All four major Psychological theories are very significant, but based on my reading about all of them, I can convey that the ecological theory is the most closely aligned with my personal belief system. Part 2: Why? I chose this theory because it states that a person’s development is influenced by everything in the surroundingRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe life span theories is about four different theories; the psychoanalytic, behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. Erikson has some similarities with Freud however it is extremely different in other ways. Rather than Erikson focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, he believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. Erikson has an eight stage theory of human development which describes the process from birth to death and the crisis of each stage bringsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2240 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The concept of human development has been explored and researched by many psychologists and scholars for centuries through the entire human history. The research done by this group of people has found out a lot about human deve lopment. This is a topic that concerns every member of the society and that’s why researchers are interested in it. Development is a topic that can be viewed from different angles. For instance, there are economists who understand human development based on a person’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesHuman ‘development’ does not exist in stasis – it is constantly in flux. The outcomes of human development are intrinsically linked to overarching power structures, and include psychological dimensions including social recognition. Thus, ‘development’ is dynamic and highly contextualised – it is governed by socio-economic class, domestic politics, geographical location, and the wider institutional context. Working within a particular framework requires acknowledging that concepts of human developmentRead MoreHuman Development Theories Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Development Theories In addition to Freud’s psychodynamic theory there are four other human development philosophies; biological, cognitive, behavioral and systems model. Even though these theories differ they all contain the same basic assumptions. People will continue to grow. People exhibit both stability and flux as they pass through life. People are holistic, of mind body and spirit. Lastly, individual people must be understood in the context of relationships and setting (Cash White,

The Return Midnight Chapter 34 Free Essays

â€Å"You’ve been fed and taken care of as best as we can manage,†Meredith said, looking at allthe taut, frightened young faces turned toward her in the basement. â€Å"And now there’s just one thing I want to ask of you in return.†She made an effort and steadied her voice. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 34 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I want to know if anybody knows of a mobile phone that connects to the Internet, or a computer that is Stillworking. Please, please – if you even think you know where one might be, tel me.† The tension was like a thick rubber cord, dragging Meredith toward each of the pale, strained faces, dragging them to her. It was just as well that Meredith was essential y well – balanced. About twelve hands went up immediately, and their lone five-year-old whispered, â€Å"My mommy has one. And my daddy.† There was a pause before Meredith could say, â€Å"Does anybody know this kid?†and an older girl spoke up before she could. â€Å"She just means they had them before the Burning Man.† â€Å"Is the Burning Man cal ed Shinichi?†Meredith asked. â€Å"‘Course. Sometimes he would make the red parts of his hair burn up way over his head.† Meredith filed that little fact away under Things I do not want to see, honest, cross my heart, ever. Then she shook herself free from the image. â€Å"You guys and girls, please, please think. I only need one, one mobile phone with Internet access that Stillhas power right now. One laptop or computer that is Stillworking now, maybe because of a generator Stillmaking electricity. Just one family with a home generator Stillworking. Anybody?† The hands were down now. A boy she thought she recognized as being one of the Loring siblings, maybe age ten or eleven, said, â€Å"The Burning Man told us that mobile phones and computers were bad. That was why my brother got in a fistfight with my dad. He threw al the mobiles at home in the toilet.† â€Å"Okay. Okay, thanks. But anybody who’s seen a working mobile or computer? Or a home generator – â€Å" â€Å"Why, yes, my dear, I’ve got one.†The voice came from the top of the stairs. Mrs. Flowers was standing there, dressed in a fresh sweat suit. Strangely, she had her voluminous purse in her hand. â€Å"You had – have a generator?†Meredith asked, her heart sinking. What a waste! And if disaster came al because she, Meredith, hadn’t finished reading over her own research! The minutes were ticking away, and if everyone in Fel ‘s Church died, it would be her fault. Her fault. She didn’t think she could live with that. Meredith had tried, al her life, to reach the state of calm, concentration, and balance that was the other side of the coin from the fighting skil s her various disciplines had taught her. And she had become good at it, a good observer, a good daughter, even a good student for al that she was in Elena’s fast-paced, high-flying clique. The four of them: Elena, Meredith, Caroline, and Bonnie had fit together like four pieces of a puzzle, and Meredith Stillsometimes missed the old days and their daring, dominating pseudo-sophisticated capers that never real y hurt anyone – except the sil y boys who had mil ed around them like ants at a picnic. But now, looking at herself, she was puzzled. Who was she? A Hispanic girl named for her mother’s Welsh best friend in col ege. A hunter-slayer of vampires who had kitten canines, a vampire twin, and whose group of friends included Stefan, a vampire; Elena, an ex-vampire – and possibly another vampire, although she was extremely hesitant to cal Damon a â€Å"friend.† What did that alladd up to? A girl trying to do her best to keep her balance and concentration, in a world that had gone insane. A girl Stillreeling from what she’d learned about her own family, and now tottering from the need to confirm a dreadful suspicion. Stop thinking. Stop! You have to tel Mrs. Flowers that her boardinghouse has been destroyed. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers – about the boardinghouse – I have to talk to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Why don’t you use my BlackBerry first?†Mrs. Flowers came down the basement stairs careful y, watching her feet, and then the children parted before her like waves on the Red Sea. â€Å"Your†¦?†Meredith stared, choked up. Mrs. Flowers had opened her enormous purse and was now proffering a rather thick al -black object to her. â€Å"It Stillhas power,†the old lady explained as Meredith took the thing in two shaking hands, as if receiving a holy object. â€Å"I just turned it on and it was working. And now I’m on the Internet!† – proudly. Meredith’s world had been swal owed up by the smal , grayish, antiquated screen. She was so amazed and excited at seeing this that she almost forgot why she needed it. But her body knew. Her fingers clutched; her thumbs danced over the mini-keyboard. She went to her favorite search page and entered the word â€Å"Orime.†She got pages of hits – most in Japanese. Then feeling a trembling in her knees, she typed in â€Å"Inari.† 6,530,298 results. She went to the very first hit and saw a web page with a definition. Key words seemed to rush out at her like vultures. Inari is the Japanese Shinto deity of rice†¦and†¦foxes. At the entrance to an Inari shrine are†¦statues of two kitsune†¦one male and one female†¦each with a key or jewel carried in mouth or paw†¦These fox-spirits are the servants and messengers of Inari. They carry out Inari’s orders†¦. There was also a picture of a pair of kitsune statues, in their fox forms. Each had a front paw resting on a star bal . Three years ago, Meredith had fractured her leg when she was on a skiing trip with her cousins in the Blue Ridge Mountains. She had run straight into a smal tree. No martial arts skil s could save her at the last minute; she knew she was skiing off the groomed areas, where she could run into anything: powder, crud, or iced-over ruts. And, of course, trees. Lots of trees. She was an advanced skier, but she had been going too fast, looking in the wrong direction, and the next thing she knew, she was skiing into the tree instead of around it. Now she had the same sensation of waking up after a head-on into wood. The shock, the dizziness and nausea that were, initial y, worse than the pain. Meredith could take pain. But the pounding in her head, the sickening awareness that she had made a big mistake and that she was going to have to pay for it were unbearable. Plus there was a curious horror about the knowledge that her own legs wouldn’t hold her up. Even the same useless questions ran through her subconscious, like: How could I be so stupid? Is this possibly a dream? and, Please, God, can I hit the Undo button? Meredith suddenly realized that she was being supported on either side by Mrs. Flowers and their sixteen-year-old, Ava Wakefield. The mobile was on the cement floor of the basement. She must have actual y started to black out. Several of the younger kids were screaming Matt’s name. â€Å"No – I – I can stand up alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Al she wanted in the world was to go into the darkness and get away from this horror. She wanted to let her legs go slack and her mind go blank, to flee†¦ But she couldn’t run away. She had taken the stave; she had taken the Duty from her grandfather. Anything supernatural that was out to harm Fel ‘s Church on her watch was her problem. And the problem was that her watch never ended. Matt came clattering down the stairs, carrying their seven-year-old, Hailey, who continual y shook with petit mal seizures. â€Å"Meredith!†She could hear the incredulity in his voice. â€Å"What is it? What did you find, for God’s sake?† â€Å"Come†¦look.†Meredith was remembering detail after detail that should have set off warning bel s in her mind. Matt was somehow already beside her, even as she remembered Bonnie’s very first description of Isobel Saitou. â€Å"The quiet type. Hard to get to know. Shy. And†¦nice.† And that first visit to the Saitou house. The horror that quiet, shy, nice Isobel Saitou had become: the Goddess of Piercing, blood and pus oozing from every hole. And when they had tried to carry dinner to her old, old grandmother, Meredith had noticed absently that Isobel’s room was right under the dol -like old lady’s. After seeing Isobel pierced and clearly unbalanced, Meredith had assumed that any evil influence must be trying to travel up, and had worried in the back of her mind about the poor, old, dol -sized grandmother. But the evil could just as easily have traveled down. Maybe Jim Bryce hadn’t given Isobel the malach madness after al . Maybe she had given it to him, and he had given it to Caroline and to his sister. And that children’s game! The cruel, cruel song that Obaasan – that Inari-Obaasan had crooned. â€Å"Fox and turtle had a race†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And her words: â€Å"There’s a kitsune involved in this somewhere.† She’d been laughing at them, amusing herself! Come to that, it was from Inari-Obaasan that Meredith had first heard the word â€Å"kitsune.† And one more additional cruelty, that Meredith had only been able to excuse before by assuming Obaasan had very poor sight. That night, Meredith had had her back to the door and so had Bonnie – they had both been concentrating on â€Å"poor decrepit old Grandma.†But Obaasan had been facing the door, and she was the only one who could have seen – must have seen – Isobel sneaking up behind Bonnie. And then, just as the cruel game song told Bonnie to look behind her†¦ Isobel had been crouching there, ready to lick Bonnie’s forehead with a forked pink tongue†¦ â€Å"Why?†Meredith could hear her own voice saying. â€Å"Why was I so stupid? How could I not have seen from the beginning?† Matt had retrieved the BlackBerry and read the web page. Then he just stood, fixed, his blue eyes wide. â€Å"You were right,†he said, after a long moment. â€Å"I want so much to be wrong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Meredith – Shinichi and Misao are Inari’s servants†¦If that old lady is Inari we’ve been running around like crazy after the wrong people, the hired muscle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The damn note cards,†Meredith choked out. â€Å"The ones done by Obaasan. They’re useless, flawed. Al those bul ets she blessed should have been no good – but maybe she did bless them – as a game. Isobel even came to me and changed al the characters the old lady had done for the jars to hold Shinichi and Misao. She said that Obaasan was almost blind. She left a tear on my car seat. I couldn’t understand why she should be crying.† â€Å"I Stillcan’t. She’s the granddaughter – probably the third generation of a monster!†Matt exploded. â€Å"Why should she cry? And why do the Post-it Notes work?† â€Å"Because they’re done by Isobel’s mother,†Mrs. Flowers said quietly. â€Å"Dear Matt, I truly doubt that the old woman is related to the Saitous at all. As a deity – or even a powerful magic-user named after a deity – and undoubtedly a kitsune herself, she surely just moved in with them and used them. Isobel’s mother and Isobel had no choice but to carry on the charade for fear of what she’d do to them if they didn’t.† â€Å"But Mrs. Flowers, when Tyrone and I pul ed that leg bone out of the thicket, didn’t you say that the Saitou women made such excel ent amulets? And didn’t you say that we could get the Saitou women to help translate the words on the clay jars when Alaric sent the pictures of them from that Japanese Island?† As for my belief in the Saitou women, Well, I’l have to quibble a little here,†Mrs. Flowers said. â€Å"I couldn’t know that this Obaasan was evil, and there are Stilltwo of them who are gentle and good, and who have helped us tremendously – and at great risk to themselves.† Meredith could taste the bitterness of bile in her mouth. â€Å"Isobel could have saved us. She could have said ‘My fake grandmother is real y a demon.'† â€Å"Oh, my dear Meredith, the young are so unforgiving. This Inari was probably instal ed in her house when she was a child. Al she knows at first is that the old woman is a tyrant, with a god’s name. Then perhaps some demonstration of power – what happened to Orime’s husband, I wonder, to make him go back to Japan – if indeed he went there? He may well be dead. And then Isobel is growing up: shy, quiet, introverted – frightened. This is not Japan; there are no other priestesses here to confide in. And you saw the consequences when Isobel reached out to someone outside of the family – to her boyfriend, Jim Bryce.† â€Å"And to us – Well, to you and Bonnie,†Matt said to Meredith. â€Å"She sicced Caroline on you.† Scarcely knowing what they were doing, they were talking faster and faster. â€Å"We have to go there right now,†said Meredith. â€Å"Shinichi and Misao may be the ones bringing on the Last Midnight, but it’s Inari who gives the orders. And who knows? She may dole out the punishments as well. We don’t know how big her star bal is.† â€Å"Or where,†said the old woman. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers,†Matt said hastily, â€Å"you’d better stay here with the kids. Ava, here, is reliable, and where’s Jacob Lagherty?† â€Å"Here,†said a boy who looked older than fifteen. He was as tal as Matt was, but gangly. â€Å"Okay. Ava, Jake, you’re in charge under Mrs. Flowers. We’l leave Saber with you too.†The dog was a big hit among the kids, on his best behavior, even when the younger ones chewed his tail. â€Å"You two just listen to Mrs. Flowers, and – â€Å" â€Å"Matt, dear, I won’t be here. But the animals wil surely help to protect them.† Matt stared at her. Meredith knew what he was thinking. Was Mrs. Flowers, so reliable up until now, going somewhere to hide alone? Was she abandoning them? â€Å"And I’l need one of you to drive me to the Saitou house – quickly! – but the other can stay and protect the children as well.† Meredith was both relieved and worried, and clearly Matt was too. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, this is going to be a battle. You could get hurt or be taken hostage so easily – â€Å" â€Å"Dear Matt, this is my battle. My family has lived in Fel ‘s Church for generations, al the way back to the pioneering times. I believe this is the battle for which I was born. Certainly the last of my old age.† Meredith stared. In the dim light of the basement, Mrs. Flowers seemed suddenly different somehow. Her voice was changing. Even her smal body seemed to be changing, steadying, standing tal . â€Å"But how wil you fight?†Matt asked, sounding dazed. â€Å"With this. That nice young man, Sage, left it for me with a note apologizing for using Misao’s star bal . I used to be quite good with these when I was young.†From her capacious purse, Mrs. Flowers pul ed out something pale and long and thin as it unwound and Mrs. Flowers whirled it and snapped it with a loud crack at the empty half of the basement. It hit a Ping-Pong bal , curled around it, and brought it back to Mrs. Flowers’s open hand. A bul whip. Made of some silvery material. Undoubtedly magical. Even Matt looked scared of it. â€Å"Why don’t Ava and Jake teach the children to play Ping-Pong while we’re gone – and we real y must go, my dears. There’s not a minute to waste. A terrible tragedy is coming, Ma ma says.† Meredith had been watching – feeling as dazed as Matt looked. But now she said, â€Å"I have a weapon too.†She picked up the stave and said, â€Å"I’m fighting, Matt. Ava, the children are yours to care for.† â€Å"And mine,†Jacob said, and immediately proved his usefulness by adding, â€Å"Isn’t that an axe hanging back there near the furnace?† Matt ran and snatched it up. Meredith could see from his expression what he was thinking: Yes! One heavy axe, a tiny bit rusty, but Stillplenty sharp enough. Now if the kitsune sent plants or wood against them, he was armed. Mrs. Flowers was already going up the basement stairs. Meredith and Matt exchanged one quick glance and then they were running to catch up with her. â€Å"You drive your mom’s SUV. I’l sit in back. I’m Stilla little bit†¦Well, dizzy, I guess.†Meredith didn’t like to admit to a personal weakness, but better that than crashing the vehicle. Matt nodded and was good enough not to comment on why she felt so dizzy. She Stillcouldn’t believe her own stupidity. Mrs. Flowers said only one thing. â€Å"Matt, dear, break traffic laws.† How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 34, Essay examples

Introductory Statistics Reliability Study of Turkish

Question: Describe about the Introductory Statistics for Reliability Study of Turkish. Answer: Activity 02: According to the output of the frequency table, it was seen that the frequency of the year enrolled in 2012 is 30 while the frequency for 2013 is 34 and the frequency of 2014 is 34. The score of 29 was found to be having maximum frequency in HI001 FINAL EXAM while the score of 34 was found to have a frequency of 10 (Weiss Weiss, 2012). The frequency of marks in HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 was highest for marks 18, second highest for the marks 19 and third highest for the marks 16. The frequency for the variable HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02 was found to be highest for the value 17 while the second highest frequency was for the value 15. On analyzing the frequency for HI002 FINAL EXAM it was seen that the highest frequency was for the values 25, 26 and 27. The value 20 was found to have the maximum frequency for the variable HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 while the value of 18 was found to have the second highest frequency. The value of 14, 13 and 12 was found to have the highest, second highest and third highest frequency respectively for the variable HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02 (Weiss Weiss, 2012). The value 25 had the highest frequency for the variable HI003 FINAL EXAM, while the value of 20 and 19 had the highest frequency for the variable HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01. The value of 33 had the highest frequency for the variable HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02. On performing descriptive statistics it was seen that the average value of Year Enrolled was 2013.04 while the standard deviation was 0.811. The average value of HI001 FINAL EXAM was 31.7245 while the standard deviation was6.754. The maximum marks for this variable was 45. The average values of HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 were 17.21, HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02 was 15.46, HI002 FINAL EXAM was 26.50, HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 was 17.816 and HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02 was 12.418. The average value of HI003 FINAL EXAM was 25.9898; HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 was 18.1939 while the average value of HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02 was 13.5408 (Weiss Weiss, 2012). It was seen that the variable HI002 FINAL EXAM had the maximum mean among all the variables. The standard deviations for HI001 ASSIGNMENT 01 were 1.99, HI001 ASSIGNMENT 02 was 2.31, HI002 FINAL EXAM was 5.91, HI002 ASSIGNMENT 01 was 3.44 and HI002 ASSIGNMENT 02 wasb1.989. The standard deviation of HI003 FINAL EXAM was 8.27; HI003 ASSIGNMENT 01 was 3.90 while the standard deviation for HI003 ASSIGNMENT 02 was 1.759. It was seen that the variable HI003 FINAL EXAM had the maximum value of standard deviation among all the variables. Activity 3: The correlation between HI001 Final Exam and Year Enrolled was found to be -0.246, between HI002 Final Exam and Year Enrolled was -0.028, between HI003 Final Exam and Year Enrolled was 0.097 while between HI003 Assignment 01 and Year Enrolled was 0.271. The correlation coefficient between HI001 Final Exam and HI002 Final Exam was 0.049, between HI001 Final Exam and HI003 Final Exam was 0.122 while between HI001 Final Exam and HI003 Assignment 01 was -0.044. The correlation coefficient between HI002 Final Exam and HI003 Final Exam was 0.116 and HI002 Final Exam and HI003 Assignment 01 was -0.060. The correlation coefficient between HI003 Final Exam and HI003 Assignment 01 was 0.197. There exists a negative and weak relationship between the variables HI001 Final Exam and Year Enrolled, HI002 Final Exam and Year Enrolled, HI003 Assignment 01 and HI001 Final Exam and HI003 Assignment 01 and HI002 Final Exam. There exist a positive and weak relationship between the variables HI003 Final Exam and Year Enrolled, HI003 Assignment 01 and Year Enrolled, HI002 Final Exam and HI001 Final Exam, HI003 Final Exam and HI001 Final Exam and HI003 Final Exam and HI002 Final Exam. The significant value of the test was considered to be 0.05 and the test between the variables HI001 Final Exam and Year Enrolled and HI003 Assignment 01 and Year Enrolled was found to be significant. The tests between all the other variables are found to be not significant. This suggests that the test between the variables HI001 Final Exam and Year Enrolled and HI003 Assignment 01 and Year Enrolled have too many errors in the result obtained. Activity 04: The Cronbachs alpha reliability test on the 9 variables was found to be 0.388. This value shows that the internal consistency of the test is unacceptable as the value of the test is less than 0.5. It can be interpreted that the reliability of the test is unacceptable. In order to improve the reliability of the test, the variables HI001_Final_Exam, HI002_Final_Exam, HI003_Final_Exam, HI002_Assignment_01, HI002_Assignment_02, HI003_Assignment_01, HI003_Assignment_02 must be deleted in order to improve the reliability of the test. The value of Cronbachs alpha reliability test after deleting these variables was found to be 0.789, which lies in the acceptable region of 0.7 to 0.8. It can be interpreted the reliability of the test could be increased and it would fall in the acceptable region on deleting the above variables. The variables HI001 Assignment 01 and HI001 Assignment 02 must never be deleted from the data in order to maintain the reliability of the data. It could be interpreted that these two variables have high importance in the data set and deleting these two variables would highly decrease the reliability of the test to a great extent. Thus, these two variables shall never be deleted from the data set and it would be given utmost importance in performing the reliability of the data set. On performing Cronbachs alpha reliability test on the 9 variables, it was seen that that seven variables must be deleted in order to attain the maximum reliability of the data set. Deleting the seven variables mentioned previously would increase the reliability of the data set to its maximum value of 0.789 (HacÄÂ ±meroÄÅ ¸lu Bulut, 2016). This value would lie in the acceptable region of reliability of the range thereby making the data set reliable. References HacÄÂ ±meroÄÅ ¸lu, G., Bulut, A. S. (2016). Integrative stem teaching intention questionnaire: A validity and relaibility study of the Turkish form. Weiss, N. A., Weiss, C. A. (2012).Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education..

Paired Passages essay Essays - Film, Disneys Pocahontas,

Paired Passages essay In each passage, the author describes John Smith's capture by Powhatan. The descriptions in both, "The (Untrue) story of John Smith and Pocahontas," and "The General History of Virginia," are similar and different in many ways, and portrays Smiths capture in different ways. The author of "The (Untrue) Story of John Smith and Pocahontas" portrays Smith's capture by saying, "They arrested Smith on the Voyage to America, and several months after they arrived at Jamestown." That shows how they captured John Smith. Also, in the text it says, "Whatever the case if Pocahontas was watching she saw him disappear into powhatans longhouse." That shows what happened to Smith after he was captured, according to the untrue story. John Smith has a different perspective on how he was captured. In the preview of the text it says, "In 1607 during an expedition to find food for the colony, Smith was captured by a group of Powhatan Indians." That shows his perspective on how he was captured. It also says, "Smith has been held captive for several weeks." That shows how long he was held captive. There are some similarities and differences in the ways that the authors interpret the captures. Some of the similarities in the interpretations is that they both show that John Smith was held captive for a few weeks/months. Some of the differences is that, in the untrue story, they say that Smith they arrested Smith while on a voyage to America. John Smith says in his excerpt that he was trying to find food for his colony. Those were some ways that the interpretations are alike and different. In conclusion, both "The (Untrue) Story of John Smith and Pocahontas," and "The General History of Virginia," both authors portray the capture in similar and different ways. One author says that they arrested him and the other says he was innocently captured.

Jesuit Relations essays

Jesuit Relations essays Response to The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents When I think of the colonization of a new country, I think of the building of new towns, the establishing of new trade routes, and the cultivating of new crops. The Jesuits, however, had quite a different idea. The Jesuits central purpose in all of their expeditions was spreading their religion. While I knew that this was their fundamental goal, I did not comprehend the extent to which they pursued it. In every new area they colonized, from the Caicos Islands to Quebec, the first order of business was to erect a chapel. Before they report on food or resources, the Jesuits report on the building of one or more new chapels and the ensuing missions that will begin. There was even a chapel set up for the Hurons held captive by the Iroquois. In each area they came to, the Jesuits would immediately begin trying to convert the new Indians they found there. One explorer made the comment, the best of all is that there are a number of savages to teach. Obviously, they got pleasure not from acquiring new land or discovering new riches, but from creating new members for the Church. Often, they would pit Indian against Indian in a sense, using those who had already been converted to influence those who had not. The Jesuits did not discriminate between tribes; they attempted to convert everyone, including the Iroquois. Though they definitely pushed their religion on the tribes, the Jesuits seemed to make friends more than foes. Their main threat were the Iroquois, who were eventually defeated and converted. The Jesuits made great efforts to learn the native languages of the Indians they encountered. This enabled them to communicate more freely, thus increasing their ability to teach the Indians about Christianity. Most of the reports in the Jesuit Relations dealt with the number of Indians that had been converted or that were i...

International Relations (The Role and functions of the IMF and the Essay

International Relations (The Role and functions of the IMF and the World Bank in the International Economic System) - Essay Example tical science, is the study of foreign affairs of and relations among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate foreign policy.† It also referred to IR as drawing upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies and that it involves a diverse range of issues, from globalization and its impacts on societies and state sovereignty to ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, terrorism, organized crime, human security and human rights. (Paraphrasing made) As to how international relations originated, one cannot avoid talking about the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It is with Westphalia that e the modern state system was developed since it encouraged the rise of the nation-state and the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. (Wikipedia-IR, 2006) (Paraphrasing made) Having a background therefore of IR, we are confronted with the questions: What are the institutions involved? The United Nations assumes a major role in IR as it describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity". Wikipedia, (2006) stated that it is the most prominent international institution and many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN. (Paraphrasing made) UN has therefore affiliations with several legal institutions which include International Court of Justice, European Court of Justice and the African Court of Justice. It has also affiliations with human rights organisations which include, United Nations Human Rights Council,

Argument paper -- Obamacare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argument paper -- Obamacare - Essay Example However, Obama care is not a good option in our society at this moment due the cost involved, biases and high operating costs (Fact 1). Despite its help towards average earners in the American society, it has created havoc and high operational costs to the rich and big businesses. The Obama care affects the American negatively by increasing taxes, causing unfairness in society, straining the economy and changing the cost of operating businesses. First, for the government to get funds to insure millions of American citizens, obviously the money has to come from taxes. Moreover, this can negatively affect the high-income earners thus causing bias in the society. Because of high taxation rates on the rich people, this can in turn affect their employees as a result of the reduction of working hours. The Obamacare is not a good solution, as it seems to be a punishment towards the rich people and big businesses (Investors Business Daily 1). Moreover, due to high taxation on rich businesses might lower the investors confidence, and this might negatively affect the local economy. Another negative situation on the Obama care is its ultimatums towards all American citizens. This law is forceful in that it requires that by January 2014 everybody was to have registered in this programme and those who fail a fee was to apply. Additionally, this Medicaid can only be achieved through the State and the federal funding. Unfortunately, not all states have the capability of fully funding this plan (Obama care facts 1). Thus, about 5.7 million people from the poor backgrounds will be without an insurance cover exposing their lives to danger. Furthermore, the state and the federal governments also provide fund for the plan making matters even more badly. A classic example is the Children Health Insurance Fund (CHIP). As a result, the operation cost of health insurance gets higher than the growth of the economy. This phenomenon strains the available resources in

Globalization in Malaysia: Advantages and Disadvantages

Globalization in Malaysia: Advantages and Disadvantages The term globalisation has many understanding from different people. Hill, (2005) as cited in Stuart, et al (2010), mentioned it refers most countries would shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy by the merging of historically and separated national markets into one huge global market place. Gavin C(2009)stated that it had replace those economic expressions such asinternationalization and transnationalism. Sadegh B.,et al,(2006) citied as Cheng (2000), mentioned that nowadays of people have great opportunity to learn from other countries. The globalisation could be superior grow that main driver key is there exiting many of preferences and the need of consumers from the worldwide (Pierre,D., 2006).Catherine ,D(2005) agreed that it could be reach an unexpected phenomena with high technology , advance communication and free trade market. 124 The impact of globalization has bring success of business to new level, where many countries have been go through it(EconomyWatch.,nd). In research based on Economy Watch team that found the globalization has bring forward on each industry and meanwhile it has destroy some of industry where its cannot survival though the impact of globalization. Their research have shown the financial industry could gain more benefit after the emergence of financial markets on global rather than local market, and be more efficient entrance the finance facility at other countries. With the free trade principle exercises on worldwide, it has result in boost up the finance flow. Economy of country will also increase whereas gain more business trade and investment from foreign investments, which has mentioned by Adam Smith, as cited in Ferraro (1998). 132 What are advantages and disadvantages of globalization? In generally , globalization has give advantage to company such as opportunity of develop new market for consumers have more variance choose the best quality product. It also provides educated understanding between different nationalities(bangkoklogistics,n.d.). Besides, companies can outsourcing their part of project that reduce time, uncertain factors and fail product. They can find more profit base on manufacturing rather than charge high price on consumer. Thus, they offer reasonably price for attach different type of consumer with good quality. Government has encouraging MNE invest directly on country that reduces unemployment by new investment and industrial ventures.(bangkoklogistics,n.d.) Disadvantages of globalisation Generally, for domestic supplies have to compete with international suppliers that lose the competitive advantage even fight with price. Thus, there would a lot of stress and threat of new type of colonization comes with much power and money from foreign player. Meanwhile, with the outsourcing concept, there would be increase jobless that is working middle class in developed country such as U.S(bangkoklogistics,n.d.). Among many companies have success in financial industrial though globalization, one of company can be more precise explain how reaction on impact of globalization and create new solution at nowadays which is Hong Kong and Shangai Banking Corporate holding plc(HSBC holding plc) The case study Justify why HSBC is MNE before history. Hong Kong and Shangai Bank Cooperate is one of examples success go though globalisations effect in financial industry. Thomas Sutherland was founder the HSBC while he was working in the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company[history]. He found that financial service management has huge demand in Hong Kong and China so that he and his group opened bank and established the HSBC in March 1865 at Hong Kong and Shangai. Chuan Li (n.d) stated that the World Bank operates the finance on worldwide but their goods, services were not satisfied, and inefficiency to local market need. Whereas, the World Bank unable afforded heavy debt and lead to a harsh economic imbalances. [111] By this lesson, Thomas had adopted the joint venture concept to operate business at different location(annual report). Thus, HSBC can reduce the uncertain from internal and begin a good relationship at local citizen and government. [35] Management of HSBC HSBC used the ethnocentric approach that easy communication between parent and subsidiary company at early stage. After subsidiary company has stability, then management structured can applied the polycentric method that efficiently and at short term to fit in the cultural and political of that country. With these approaches, HSBC has good start the step in their vision, which is the world local bank. It reminds people who want due to finance related with international and local that HSBC will be their first optional. Besides, HSBC also purchased those companies who specify area on financial field that can reduce costing, and decrease the uncertain risks. Nowadays of HSBC is one of the biggest banking and Service Company in worldwide and headquarter allocated at London. To reflect their vision, it has not ignored power of international network which has 8,000 properties in 88 countries and territories have include Europe; Hong Kong; Rest of Asia-Pacific; the Middle East; North America and Latin America.(annual report 2009)[116] With listings on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris and Bermuda stock exchanges, shares in HSBC Holdings plc are held by over 220,000 shareholders in 121 countries and territories. According to annual report 2009, HSBC has good maintained performance and well management convinced to shareholders during downturn periods. Because all shares are trading on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Shares(annual report2009).142 Production To fulfill consumers common need and differential preference, HSBC offer a wide range of production and diverse into four categories such as Personal Financial Services (including consumer finance), Commercial Banking, Global Banking and Markets, and Private Banking. Need shown how effect to world.Categories Personal financial services Commercial banking Global banking and markets Private banking *I will focus these three ,suit title need clear easily gopal. Impact of globalisation to HSBC [summary] Lead Emerging market , HSBC has gain excellent of results through emerging markets on past few years. HSBC has good aim on those potential countries, which would boost up the economic, after change the political and other direct factors. The brand of HSBC was not being easily for entered at foreign market because education of consumers was so weak at early century. HSBC have to send a respective for understanding on real situation and reaction on it. Thus, HSBC provided training at local citizen to build up local teams that enable reduce conflicts and create more jobs which is will accepted by their government. With a good relationship of government, HSBC has confidence gained good result and do further plan in future. Internet age Arrive on Internet Age, HSBC has adopted IT concept, which applied on their branches. Consumers were not willing accepted the changed at begin period because the network services have not mature yet and unconvinced to consumers. For generation X, they were no confidence with unphysical of documentations and lower of education. However, generation Y has willing be learns new things and can adopt this new phenomenon. HSBC required all stuff be patetion and polite handle this type of consumers. Financial crises HSBC has well management and be aware of worse on US shares before financial crises. Subsiders of HSBC companies have not totally full influence from financial crises especially Malaysia, and other Asian countries. Top management of HSBC believed that not all eggs should put in one basket. They have enough resource to support those other countries, which has be damaged during downturn. They also willing lend their hand to help on those companies had worst impact with limited resource. Reason why did they success on these issues? Solution those arise from Lead emerging market issues Problems: time scales, burden cost, risk on purchased company, failure response from consumers, will production enable suit to consumer need ,WTO issues, Globalization and market ?the forces of globalization would establish global market for standardised product purchased in huge volumes by consumers worldwide [ot] .while global market do indeed exist for some standardized product but where little product differentiation is feasible or wanted by users, with other product and services varying international tastes and preference mean that product differentiations vital to appeal to local markets. HSBC research team found that success in emerging market has need good timing and more information collection to make precise decision. With new tools of communication, HSBC can easily communicate to other location in efficiency that reduced costing on research, failure response based on customers. To avoid conflicts and risk, they had designed production in wide range that from common characters for general need of consumers until local differential preference. Free trade, less regulation international , Solution those from Internet Age Problem : instability network services, afraid on new technology (ATM), perception of consumer , Globalisation and production ? however it may not only be the cost based advantages of alternative production location which might lead to such outsourcing but possibly less tangible factor , HSBC believed the internet banking will became world trend by following improved the stability network services and evolution of technological. They has outsourcing the machine of auto transfer money where can launch on public in early that it will be competitive advantages. This new pattern of business transaction will increase perception of consumers toward HSBC in developed countries, but it seems need more time for developing countries citizen to adopted the change. Solution those from financial crises: Problem: confidence consumer toward HSBC , dropped expenditure suddenly, cash inefficient, Globalization and the role of the nation state? Loss of competence The impacts of financial crises have serious damaged on economic, government policy taken action for decrease influence on people. Thus, finance industrial suddenly shortage of capital, cash inefficient and withdrawn out huge amount of cash by customers. Fortunately, HSBC has well prepaid enough resource to handle this situation and still borrow out money as usual that it can proofing HSBC has capability go through this recession . Footnotes: 1: 0 = very high, 10 = very low Source: The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2010, Switzerland, www.imd.ch/wcy. According to Business in Sydeny and NSW (2010), third ranked fallen on Australia that shown has a lower risk and uncertain on political. Thus, mostly investors invest on Australia where safe and stable political framework is. United Kingdom: United Kingdom has very little on political risk because of the efficiency on the Westminster system whereby adopted by Australia government (Business in Sydeny and NSW, 2010). During recession, the government of UK has applied some incentive solution even though changed loosening fiscal policy to tightening fiscal policy that grape those attention of public finances (AMB Country Risk Report, 2010c). Malaysia: Malaysia ranked on 13th that has moderate of political risk (Business in Sydeny and NSW, 2010). Malaysia has three major groups of people likes Malay, Chinese and India who are living in peaceful and understanding on each culture(Malaysia truly Asia,2009) .They also working together handle problems that avoid happen serious conflict against on May 1969. The national front consists of UMNO is the Malaysia government which included others races parties as MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) and MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) are collaborating for peaceful civilization(Malaysia truly Asia,2009). However, according to AMB research (2010b), found that the government is slowly applying inventiveness which citizen enable accept public contract in more transparency, less subsidies and involvement from government. Besides, government also has encouraging foreign invest in economic sectors (Malaysia truly Asia, 2009). Thus, Malaysian can be achieving the dream of being develop country on 2020. Tax policy : company has paid 28% of tax per yearly Well structure protection employees under Employment Act 1995( stable and good frame structure and can complain labor office http://www.pesaraonline.net/eatutorial.htm) Industrial Relations Act 1967 (major manufacturing law) http://www.pesaraonline.net/ir-guides.htm Trade unions act 1959 (major shareholder and director law) http://www.pesaraonline.net/tua-guide.htm China: China has a high risk of political even ranked after United Kingdom, because it has strongly stability of government and social based on summary A.M.Best Company(2010a).In report mentioned that government look for balance toward communist central with the capitalist- style economic center where can cooperate East industrial. China is a large and huge of population, but considers as developing country with terms of GDP (gross domestic product), infrastructure, and others (A.M.Best Company, 2010a). If advance of industrial keep on expand, it will increase unemployment rate that become useless toward GDP. The government has majority power to control it that avoid happen. According table 1.a[ GDP, GDP growth, inflation ] the growth of GDP has stable increase because consumer spending more actively on these few years . Then, average of inflation is moderate. The GDP has boost up over than 200 billion which means average of business were doing well. The government has increased inflation rates during high peak of GDP, but it has decrease rate during turn down that increased consumer spending. Industrial sectors, [agriculture, industry, services ] Industrial sector has growth up after but it seems slow down before year 2008.the emerging market has bring benefit to industrial such as lower labour cost ,but them faced many competitors form worldwide. Exprorts and important of good and serives [the exporting percentage has lower than import percentage that business loss some absolute advantages, Gross capital ,revenue , cash surplus or deficit ] the gross capital allocated average 17% and 18%. The revenue percentage of GDP has reach more than 35% Economic Risk: Very Low à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The United Kingdom (UK) has the second largest economy in Europe behind Germany. Service industries represent three quarters of economic production, particularly financial services and real estate activities. London is a global financial center and businesses there account for nearly half of the countrys financial services industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ While positive economic growth has resumed in 2010, the Bank of England is unlikely to raise interest rates until late 2011 at the earliest. United Kingdom has very low in economic risk by report ABM. One of biggest industrial that service can diverse into production, finance services and real se Financial System Risk: Very Low à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Financial Services Authority (FSA) regulates the UK financial services industries, including insurance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The UK is widely seen as a major center for international insurance and reinsurance and is home to the London Market, a wholesale market that writes risk around the world. Lloyds of London accounts for over half of the business on the London Market. Financial System Risk: Low à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The insurance industry in Malaysia is regulated by the central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Malaysian government continues to support the takaful and retakaful sectors as part of its strategy to make the country a global hub for Islamic financial services Source: IMF and A.M. Best Economic Risk: Moderate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ At independence, in the 1960s, the Malaysian economy depended upon rubber and tin. Since then, the economy has transformed to become a regional manufacturing center, services provider and offshore financial center. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The government encourages foreign investment but maintains approval rights for individual investments, often opting to restrict foreign equity or encouraging the transfer of technology from foreign firms. Economic Risk: Low à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ China, the worlds most populous country, is home to the worlds third largest economy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rapid growth rates are driven by a strong export sector, state expenditures, construction and infrastructure development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The government was able to respond to global economic downturn by launching stimulus programs, which brought a strong recovery in 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expansionary policies have resulted in massive increases in bank lending, stimulating the economy but bringing rise to fears of increases in non-performing loans. Financial System Risk: Moderate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The insurance industry is regulated by the Chinese Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ China is partially liberalizing its financial sector, which is a long and drawn out process but essential for the long-term sustainability of the economy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Insurance Law was amended in 2009 to enhance regulation in core areas such as the strength of the supervisory authority and solvency and investment guidelines. Regional Summary: Western Europe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Western Europe is a highly developed and affluent region. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 countries that accounts for 30% of world gross domestic product (GDP). The EU is facilitating a single European market with standardized regulatory systems and free movement of people, goods, services and capital. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The euro-zone is made up of the 16 EU members that have adopted the euro as their currency. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most, if not all, of Western Europe has been experiencing a severe economic slowdown and several countries remain in recession. While the European Central Bank has cut interest rates to spur demand, economic growth in the region has been generally modest. Regional Summary: Southeast Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Southeast Asia is a critical part of the world trading system and while the regions economies remain somewhat dependent on agriculture, manufacturing and services have been the engine for growth. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The region has been remarkably resilient to the global economic slowdown. While regionally growth slowed as the economies of their large trading partners (notably the U.S. and Europe) went through recession, the slowdown was in most cases moderate and the recovery in 2010 has been very strong. Regional Summary: Eastern Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Eastern Asia is home to some of the worlds largest and most advanced economies. China and Japan are both in the worlds top five countries measured by gross domestic product (GDP). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the aftermath of the Southeast Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, much of the region underwent a restructuring of traditional economic and financial practices to match international best practices in regulation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The region as a whole weathered the global financial crisis well, with local demand powered by government stimulus helping to maintain positive economic growth. Reference: Business in Sydeny and NSW ,2010. Political stability. [Online]Available at : [Accessed 14 November 2010]. A.M.Best Company, 2010a. AMB Country Risk Report, China. [Online] (Updated 29 October 2010) Available at : [Accessed 16 November 2010]. A.M.Best Company, 2010b. AMB Country Risk Report, Malaysia. [Online] (Updated 29 October 2010)Available at :[Accessed 18 November 2010]. A.M.Best Company, 2010c. AMB Country Risk Report, United Kingdom. [Online] (Updated 29 October 2010) Available at : [Accessed 16 November 2010]. Malaysia Truly Asia ,2009. Political stability. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 15 October 2010]. Conclusions Recommendations Summarise your findings from parts 1,2 and 3. Outline a future strategy that would face up to your most important findings. Part 1 Background Marks 20%, 600 words Part 2 Theoretical framework Marks 20%, 600-800 words Part 3 Analysis application of theory to evidence Marks 30%, 900-1100 words Part 4 Conclusions Recommendations Marks 20%, 600 words Part 5 Referencing , Bibliography , Presentation Marks 10%, not in word count Summary

Madina Charter Essay

1.This is a document from Muhammad the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), governing relations between the Believers i.e. Muslims of Quraysh and Yathrib and those who followed them and worked hard with them. They form one nation Ummah. 2.The Quraysh Mohajireen will continue to pay blood money, according to their present custom. 3.In case of war with any body they will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice common among Believers. (Not according to pre-Islamic nations where the rich and the poor were treated differently). 4.The Bani Awf will decide the blood money, within themselves, according to their existing custom. 5.In case of war with anybody all parties other than Muslims will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice according to practice among Believers and not in accordance with pre-Islamic notions. 6.The Bani Saeeda, the Bani Harith, the Bani Jusham and the Bani Najjar will be governed on the lines of the above (principles) 7.The Bani Amr, Bani Awf, Bani Al-Nabeet, and Bani Al-Aws will be governed in the same manner. 8.Believers will not fail to redeem their prisoners they will pay blood money on their behalf. It will be a common responsibility of the Ummat and not of the family of the prisoners to pay blood money. 9.A Believer will not make the freedman of another Believer as his ally against the wishes of the other Believers. 10.The Believers, who fear Allah, will oppose the rebellious elements and those that encourage injustice or sin, or enmity or corruption among Believers. 11.If anyone is guilty of any such act all the Believers will oppose him even if he be the son of any one of them. 12.A Believer will not kill another Believer, for the sake of an un-Believer. (i.e. even though the un-Believer is his close relative). 13.No Believer will help an un-Believer against a Believer. 14.Protection (when given) in the Name of Allah will be common. The weakest among Believers may give protection (In the Name of Allah) and it will be binding on all Believers. 15.Believers are all friends to each other to the exclusion of all others. 16.Those Jews who follow the Believers will be helped and will be treated with equality. (Social, legal and economic equality is promised to all loyal citizens of the State). 17.No Jew will be wronged for being a Jew. 18.The enemies of the Jews who follow us will not be helped. 19.The peace of the Believers (of the State of Madinah) cannot be divided. (it is either peace or war for all. It cannot be that a part of the population is at war with the outsiders and a part is at peace). 20.No separate peace will be made by anyone in Madinah when Believers are fighting in the Path of Allah. 21.Conditions of peace and war and the accompanying ease or hardships must be fair and equitable to all citizens alike. 22.When going out on expeditions a rider must take his fellow member of the Army-share his ride. 23.The Believers must avenge the blood of one another when fighting in the Path of Allah (This clause was to remind those in front of whom there may be less severe fighting that the cause was common to all. This also meant that although each battle appeared a separate entity it was in fact a part of the War, which affected all Muslims equally). 24.The Believers (because they fear Allah) are better in showing steadfastness and as a result receive guidance from Allah in this respect. Others must also aspire to come up to the same standard of steadfastness. 25.No un-Believer will be permitted to take the property of the Quraysh (the enemy) under his protection. Enemy property must be surrendered to the State. 26.No un-Believer will intervene in favour of a Quraysh, (because the Quraysh having declared war are the enemy). 27.If any un-believer kills a Believer, without good cause, he shall be killed in return, unless the next of kin are satisfied (as it creates law and order problems and weakens the defence of the State). All Believers shall be against such a wrong-doer. No Believer will be allowed to shelter such a man. 28.When you differ on anything (regarding this Document) the matter shall be referred to Allah and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). 29.The Jews will contribute towards the war when fighting alongside the Believers. 30.The Jews of Bani Awf will be treated as one community with the Believers. The Jews have their religion. This will also apply to their freedmen. The exception will be those who act unjustly and sinfully. By so doing they wrong themselves and their families. 31.The same applies to Jews of Bani Al-Najjar, Bani Al Harith, Bani Saeeda, Bani Jusham, Bani Al Aws, Thaalba, and the Jaffna, (a clan of the Bani Thaalba) and the Bani Al Shutayba. 32.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. (loyal people are protected by their friends against treachery. As long as a person remains loyal to the State he is not likely to succumb to the ideas of being treacherous. He protects himself against weakness). 33.The freedmen of Thaalba will be afforded the same status as Thaalba themselves. This status is for fair dealings and full justice as a right and equal responsibility for military service. 34.Those in alliance with the Jews will be given the same treatment as the Jews. 35.No one (no tribe which is party to the Pact) shall go to war except with the permission of Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). If any wrong has been done to any person or party it may be avenged. 36.Any one who kills another without warning (there being no just cause for it) amounts to his slaying himself and his household, unless the killing was done due to a wrong being done to him. 37.The Jews must bear their own expenses (in War) and the Muslims bear their expenses. 38.If anyone attacks anyone who is a party to this Pact the other must come to his help. 39.They (parties to this Pact) must seek mutual advice and consultation. 40.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. Those who avoid mutual consultation do so because of lack of sincerity and loyalty. 41.A man will not be made liable for misdeeds of his ally. 42.Anyone (any individual or party) who is wronged must be helped. 43.The Jews must pay (for war) with the Muslims. (this clause appears to be for occasions when Jews are not taking part in the war. Clause 37 deals with occasions when they are taking part in war). 44.Yathrib will be Sanctuary for the people of this Pact. 45.A stranger (individual) who has been given protection (by anyone party to this Pact) will be treated as his host (who has given him protection) while (he is) doing no harm and is not committing any crime. Those given protection but indulging in anti-state activities will be liable to punishment. 46.A woman will be given protection only with the consent of her family (Guardian). (a good precaution to avoid inter-tribal conflicts). 47.In case of any dispute or controversy, which may result in trouble the matter must be referred to Allah and Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Allah will accept anything in this document, which is for (bringing about) piety and goodness. 48.Quraysh and their allies will not be given protection. 49.The parties to this Pact are bound to help each other in the event of an attack on Yathrib. 50.If they (the parties to the Pact other than the Muslims) are called upon to make and maintain peace (within the State) they must do so. If a similar demand (of making and maintaining peace) is made on the Muslims, it must be carried out, except when the Muslims are already engaged in a war in the Path of Allah. (so that no secret ally of the enemy can aid the enemy by calling upon Muslims to end hostilities under this clause). 51.Everyone (individual) will have his share (of treatment) in accordance with what party he belongs to. Individuals must benefit or suffer for the good or bad deed of the group they belong to. Without such a rule party affiliations and discipline cannot be maintained. 52.The Jews of al-Aws, including their freedmen, have the same standing, as other parties to the Pact, as long as they are loyal to the Pact. Loyalty is a protection against treachery. 53.Anyone who acts loyally or otherwise does it for his own good (or loss). 54.Allah approves this Document. 55.This document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime (against other parties of the Pact). 56.Whether an individual goes out to fight (in accordance with the terms of this Pact) or remains in his home, he will be safe unless he has committed a crime or is a sinner. (i.e. No one will be punished in his individual capacity for not having gone out to fight in accordance with the terms of this Pact). 57.Allah is the Protector of the good people and those who fear Allah, and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is the Messenger of Allah (He guarantees protection for those who are good and fear Allah).

Graffiti from Pompeii

Graffiti from Pompeii Graffiti is found in public places and consists of writings and drawings that can range anywhere from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings. Graffiti has existed since ancient times, including the time of ancient Rome in the town of Pompeii. The graffiti of Pompeii was preserved by an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and was later found on the walls of the houses and buildings following excavation.The graffiti found in ancient Rome suggests what life was like for the people living in Pompeii and differs in many ways from the graffiti than can be found in modern day American cities Modern day graffiti has somewhat of a bad reputation and in most cases, is viewed by people in a negative way. When many of us think of graffiti, we usually think of the act of vandalism or destruction of property. However, the practice of modern day graffiti is considered to be a form of art as long as it is done legally.In Ancient Rome, graffiti was a respected form of writing wit h a more sophisticated meaning, not the kind of defacement that we often see on train cars or bathroom stalls. In Pompeii, graffiti was a common social practice and was widespread throughout their society. It was never thought of as a criminal act. The graffiti found on the walls of buildings in Pompeii reveals some similarities between the people of ancient Rome and the people of today. In Pompeii, graffiti was used for advertising and displaying information to the public. For example, writings were used to display the schedule and announcements of the market place.Politicians also used graffiti to advertise for elections. Today, we use bulletin boards, posters, flyers, newspaper articles, the internet etc. in a similar way to advertise and publicly display information. All of these advertisements suggest that the people of today’s society and the people of Pompeii are similar because both have an economy with supply and demand as well as some form of government with politic ians. Another similarity found in the graffiti from Pompeii is the list of stolen items with rewards to those who return the items and reveal the thief.This suggests that the people of Pompeii had some sort of legal system as do the people of today. The graffiti from Pompeii also suggests some differences between the people of ancient Rome and the people of today. For example, an advertisement with a list of gladiators scheduled to fight was found written on a wall in Pompeii. We do not have these types of gladiator fights in our society today. Some of the graffiti also describes the people of Pompeii owning slaves. Although slavery was something that was practiced in more recent years, it has since been abolished and is no longer a part of our society today.The graffiti found in Pompeii suggests many things about the people that lived there. Some used graffiti for writing messages to one another and to make certain announcements. Others used graffiti to express their emotions throu gh art and poetry. In most cases today, graffiti is considered to be a criminal act or an act of rebellion. It is only considered to be a form of art if it is practiced legally. If modern day graffiti was to be preserved and then found thousands of years from now, it would not give an account of what life was like for our society as the graffiti from Pompeii did for the society of ancient Rome.